Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science which is the study of celestial objects (such as stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets and nebulae), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth, including supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation. A related but distinct subject, cosmology, is concerned with studying the universe as a whole.

History of astronomy:

Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.

First astronomers

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543, Polish) began a new era of astronomy when he concluded that the Sun was the center of the universe instead of the Earth. Copernicus felt that the Ptolemaic system was contrived, but in his revisions of that model, he kept the orbits circular. The revolutionary idea was not popular with the Church.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642, Italian) is the father of observational astronomy. In 1609, he heard about the Dutch invention of the telescope. Even though his telescope was not very powerful compared to the amateur equipment available today, he was able to make a number of stunning discoveries which changed the face of astronomy. 

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630, German) was Tycho Brahe's assistant and student. He inherited his teacher's extensive collection of astronomical records, and used them to develop three laws of planetary motion. He believed in the Copernican model of the universe, although he found it difficult to fit Tycho's observations of Mars into the model with a circular orbit. 

Giovanni Cassini (1625-1712, Italian) was the astronomer who first discovered the division in the rings of Saturn, today known as the Cassini division. He also found four moons orbiting Saturn, and measured the periods of rotation of Mars and Jupiter. 

Robert Dicke (1916-1997, American) believed that it was possible to detect radiation left over from the Big Bang. He invented the microwave radiometer to detect this radiation, which has a wavelength of one centimeter.

Conclusion about the astronomy: Astronomy is the science of space beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

Opinion.

 Sebastian Chavez A. : in my opinion the astronomy is a very important topic for space. I think that physic, chemistry and astronomy are the most important science to explore and know all about the universe.

Karla Yunnuen: my opinion is that the astronomy is a very interesting topic to investigate because all the astronomers have been discover very important things of the universe.

Roberto Serrano Querejeta

In my opinion the astronomy is very important because the astronomers discover new planets galaxy's and more.

By: Sebastian Chavez Aguilar

Karla Yunnuen

Roberto Serrano Querejeta

Astronomy

                                             ASTRONOMY

What is it?

Astronomy is a natural science which is the study of celestial objects (such as stars,  galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids and  comets), the physics , chemistry , and evolution of objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of earth.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543, Polish) began a new era of astronomy when he concluded that the Sun was the center of the universe instead of the Earth. Copernicus felt that the Ptolemaic system was contrived, but in his revisions of that model, he kept the orbits circular. The revolutionary idea was not popular with the Church, but several other astronomers such as Brahe and Galileo helped to eventually prove that this model of the universe more accurately portrayed reality. 

	Tycho Brahe (1546-1601, Danish) built an observatory from which he made the most accurate astronomical observations up to that time. His observatory contained sophisticated equipment for mapping star positions, and for more than 20 years he made detailed records of his findings. He believed that the universe was a blend of the Ptolemaic and Copernican models, and created his own model in which the planets orbit the Sun and the Sun orbits the Earth.
	Galileo Galilei (1564-1642, Italian) is the father of observational astronomy. In 1609, he heard about the Dutch invention of the telescope, and built one for himself. Even though his telescope was not very powerful compared to the amateur equipment available today, he was able to make a number of stunning discoveries which changed the face of astronomy. He saw the craters, mountains, and valleys of the Moon, noticed the huge number of stars making up the Milky Way, kept precise records of sunspot activity and the phases of Venus, and discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter. These moons are still called the Galilean Moons today, in honor of the earth-shattering scientific effects of the discovery. During a time when the Earth was still considered to be at the center of the universe, he publicized the fact that other astronomical bodies, such as Jupiter's moons, were clearly revolving around something other than the Earth. Galileo's support of the Copernican model of the universe frightened the Church, which put Galileo on trial in 1633. He was forced to renounce his Copernican views and was held under house arrest for the rest of his life.
	Johannes Kepler (1571-1630, German) was Tycho Brahe's assistant and student. He inherited his teacher's extensive collection of astronomical records, and used them to develop three laws of planetary motion. He believed in the Copernican model of the universe, although he found it difficult to fit Tycho's observations of Mars into the model with a circular orbit. He therefore used the idea of elliptical orbits to describe the motions of the planets, which became known as Kepler's first law. His second law states that a line from the Sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time. The third law was a masterpiece of simplicity: the square of the number of years of a planet's orbital period is equal to the cube of that planet's average distance from the Sun.
	Giovanni Cassini (1625-1712, Italian) was the astronomer who first discovered the division in the rings of Saturn, today known as the Cassini division. He also found four moons orbiting Saturn, and measured the periods of rotation of Mars and Jupiter. The Cassini space mission currently on its way to Saturn was named after him.
	Isaac Newton (1643-1727, British) was a mathematician who developed extensive mathematics to describe the astronomical models of Copernicus and Kepler. His Theory of Universal Gravitation was the foundation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion, but it also went further: Newton showed that the laws governing astronomical bodies were the same laws governing motion on the surface of the Earth. Newton's scientific ideas are so complete that they still offer an accurate description of physics today, except for certain cases in which 20th century physics must be used.  I think that astronomy is a very important science because it maintain us Informed about what happens outside in the universe and if we didn't knew it we would ignore things outside from the earth believing in what the church say.

Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science which is the study of celestial objects, the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth, including supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation. A related but distinct subject, cosmology, is concerned with studying the universe as a whole.

Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World. In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.

Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.

Early cultures identified celestial objects with gods and spirits. They related these objects to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first "professional" astronomers were priests, and that their understanding of the "heavens" was seen as "divine", hence astronomy's ancient connection to what is now called astrology. Ancient structures with possibly astronomical alignments probably fulfilled both astronomical and religious functions.

Some of the most important astronomers in history are: Nicholas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, Isaac Newton, Henrietta Swan Levitt, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking. 

We think astronomy has been and it still is a very important science and we have to take it in count at the moment of give our opinion about it and even start to study it.

 By: Eduardo Hdz & Diego Tonatiuh Lopez.

Sucesos que dejan huella "Los Mexicas"

                                                   "Mexicas"  

Los mexicas fueron el último pueblo mesoamericano que condensó una rica y compleja tradición religiosa, política, civilizatoria, cosmológica, astronómica, filosófica y artística aprendida y desarrollada por los pueblos de Mesoamérica a lo largo de muchos siglos.  

 

                                                    "Periodos"

El Preclásico es una época plena de logros y con una notable variedad en cuanto a expresiones culturales. En el Preclásico Temprano (2500-1200 a.C.) se dieron cambios fundamentales en la vida de los grupos humanos. El Clásico Temprano (200-600 d.C.), a la vez que Teotihuacan alcanza su apogeo y domina el Centro de México, en otras regiones surgen varias ciudades también de gran tamaño, como Cholula, Monte Albán y Tikal. Posclásico Temprano (900-1200 d.C.), se distingue por aspectos como la caída definitiva de las ciudades del Clásico, la hegemonía tolteca y los movimientos migratorios.

                                       "Ubicación espacial y temporal"

Los mexicas  venían desde un lugar mítico llamado "aztlán"  ahí se asentaron por un periodo de 50-60 años aproximadamente, de ahí vagaron por toda la altiplanicie mexicana llegando a los alrededores del texcoco hasta que los corrieron de todos lados y se ubicaron definitivamente en el islote y formando la gran tenochtitlan.

Esta se fundo al rededor del siglo XV. 

                                                      "Lengua"

El origen de los Mexicas se sitúa entre los grupos hablantes de Náhuatl del norte de México. El náhuatl clásico era la lengua del imperio Mexica y fue utilizado como lengua franca en gran parte de Mesoamérica desde el siglo VII d.C hasta la conquista española en el siglo XVI d.C.

                                            "Religión" 

La religión mexica fue la idea principal  de las creencias y tradiciones  de los antiguos pueblos mesoamericanos, de la creencia de la creación del universo y la situación del ser humano respecto a lo divino, ligada estrechamente a la agricultura y a la lluvia. Básicamente eran politeístas.

                                                 "Arte"

El pueblo mexica fue un buen pueblo escultor ya que podían realizar esculturas de todos los tamaños en las que plasmaban temas religiosos o de la naturaleza. Captaban la esencia de lo que querían representar y luego realizaban sus obras con todo detalle. En las esculturas más grandes solían representar dioses muy importantes para ellos. Las más pequeñas las utilizaban para representaciones de animales, sobretodo. Los mexicas utilizaron la piedra y la madera y a veces decoraban las esculturas con pintura de colores o incrustaciones de piedras preciosas. 

                                          "Arquitectura"

Los aztecas desarrollaron una arquitectura de pirámides. La pirámide del sol representa el máximo exponente de su arte constructivo. La escultura fue una artes asociada a la arquitectura y contribuía a dar mayor realce a los imponentes edificios. Pintura, cerámica y son característicos por su gran belleza y esplendor. 

              

                                       

                                            "Ciencia"

El calendario es lo que más se destacó entre las creaciones Mexicas. El destino de los hombres estaba rigurosamente señalado en él. Al combinar el calendario civil y el religioso, podían determinar, entre otras cosas, el oficio mas adecuado para la persona. Tal determinismo no podía menos que generar entre los mexicas un sentimiento permanente de inseguridad y angustia. 

                                                "Literatura"

El pueblo azteca mexica, fue sin duda el más exitoso de los pueblos de Mesoamérica dentro de la literatura. De estos textos la mayor parte son poemas, que se conocen con el nombre de cuicatl. Los cuicalt incluían bailes y cantos, hablaban sobre la vida y la muerte y solían utilizarse como parte de celebraciones religiosas. 

                                             "Aportaciones"

 

Algunas de las principales aportaciones de los mexicas fueron, por su caracter conquistador, el haber asimilado los valores culturales de cada uno de los pueblos dominados, que sumados a los propios dieron una gran riqueza cultural. 

        

Daniela Cabrera y Luis Alfonso Orozco.

Sucesos que dejan huella

La Civilización Teotihuacana.

 La ubicación espacial de Teotihuacan se desarrolló al noreste del valle de México y la ubicación temporal entre los años 200 y 650 DC, también tenían una forma de gobierno que era teocracia, su economía se basaba en la agricultura extensiva, especialmente de maíz, porotos y ajíes que permitió sustentar a una gran cantidad de población urbana. Ellos tenían una religión la cual era politeísta, su arquitectura se basaba en la pirámide que ya se conocía en Cuicuilco,  y por último su ciencia, no hay mucha en esta civilización  porque cuando llegaron los aztecas estaba todo en ruinas. 

 La máxima expresión de su Arquitectura la podemos apreciar en las pirámides del Sol como la de la Luna.

Por Karla Buenrostro y Iván Griera 

El cartel publicitario

Dilan Cabello 

Adaptations

                                             Adaptations

                                                (Whales)

The whales adapt to the ocean developing echolocation thick layers of blubber, modified lungs,better hearing and larger arteries among other things to ensure their survival and prosperity.

                                            Adaptations

                                                (Cactus)

The cactus plants are naturally adapted to draught and heat resistant this feature is due to changes in regulation of CO2 absorption that occurs at night.